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【英文标准名称】:StandardGuideforDesigningCost-EffectiveSamplingandMeasurementPlansbyUseofEstimatedUncertaintyandItsComponentsinWasteManagementDecision-Making
【原文标准名称】:通过使用废物管理决策中评估的不确定性及其组成部分来设计成本-效率抽样和测量计划的标准指南
【标准号】:ASTMD6842-2002(2007)
【标准状态】:现行
【国别】:
【发布日期】:2002
【实施或试行日期】:
【发布单位】:美国材料与试验协会(US-ASTM)
【起草单位】:D34.01.01
【标准类型】:(Guide)
【标准水平】:()
【中文主题词】:
【英文主题词】:analysisofvariance;cost-efficient;decision-making;experimentaldesign;optimization;precision;samplingandmeasurementprocess;samplingplan;statistics;sourcesofuncertainty;variance;variancecomponents
【摘要】:Thisguidewillevaluatesampledatathatcontainahighlevelofuncertaintyfordecision-makingpurposesand,whereitisfeasible,designastatisticalstudytoestimateandreducethesourcesofuncertainty.Oftentimes,historicaldatamaybeavailableandadequateforthispurposeandnonewstudyisneeded.3.1.1Thisapproachwillhelpthestakeholdersbetterunderstandwherethegreatestsourcesofuncertaintyareinthesamplingandanalysisprocess.Resourcescanbedirectedtowheretheycanmostreducetheoveralluncertainty.3.1.2Samplingandanalysisdesignunderthisapproachcanoftenbecost-efficientbecause(a)thereductioninuncertaintycanbedonebystatisticalmeansaloneand(b)thereductioncanbetranslatedintoalowernumberofanalyses.Thisguideislimitedtothesituationwhereadecisionisbasedonthemeanofapopulation.Itwillonlyincludediscussionsofabalanceddesignforthecollectionandanalysisofsampledatainordertoestimatethesourcesofuncertainty.Referencestounbalanceddesignsareprovidedwhereappropriate.1.1Wastemanagementdecisionsgenerallyinvolveuncertaintybecauseofthefactthatdecisionsarebasedontheuseofsampledata.Whenuncertaintycanbereducedorcontrolled,abetterdecisioncanbeachieved.Onewaytoreduceorcontroluncertaintyisthroughtheestimationandcontrolofthecomponentscontributingtotheoveralluncertainty(orvariance).Controlofthesizesofthesevariancecomponentsisanoptimizationprocess.Theoptimizationsresultscanbeusedtoeitherimproveanexistingsamplingandanalysisplan(ifitshouldbefoundtobeinadequatefordecision-makingpurposes)ortooptimizeanewplanbydirectingresourcestowheretheoverallvariancecanbereducedthemost.1.2Estimationofthevariancecomponentsfromthetotalvariancestartswiththesamplingandmeasurementprocess.Theprocessinvolvestwodifferentkindsofuncertainties:randomandsystematic.Theformerisassociatedwithimprecisionofthedata,whilethelatterisassociatedwithbiasofthedata.Thisguidewilldiscussonlysourcesofuncertaintyofarandomnature.1.3Theremaybemanysourcesofuncertaintyinwastemanagementdecisions.However,thisguidedoesnotintendtoaddresstheissueofhowthesesourcesareidentified.Itistheresponsibilityofthestakeholdersandtheirtechnicalstafftoanalyzethesamplingandmeasurementprocessesinordertoidentifythepotentiallysignificantsourcesofuncertainty.Afteridentifyingthesesources,thisguidewillprovideguidanceonhowtocollectandanalyzedatatoobtainanestimateofthetotaluncertaintyanditscomponents.
【中国标准分类号】:Z04
【国际标准分类号】:13_030_01
【页数】:5P.;A4
【正文语种】:


【英文标准名称】:Householdandsimilarelectricalappliances-Safety-Particularrequirementsforinsectkillers
【原文标准名称】:家用和类似用途电器.安全性.灭虫器的详细要求
【标准号】:BSEN60335-2-59-2003+A2-2009
【标准状态】:现行
【国别】:英国
【发布日期】:2003-09-26
【实施或试行日期】:2003-09-26
【发布单位】:英国标准学会(GB-BSI)
【起草单位】:BSI
【标准类型】:()
【标准水平】:()
【中文主题词】:定义;电气器具;家用电器;电气工程;家用电器设备;电气安全;家用设备;家用;照明工程;作标记;灭虫器;机械安全;防电击;安全;安全工程;安全要求;规范(验收);试验条件
【英文主题词】:Definitions;Electricappliances;Electrichouseholdappliance;Electricalengineering;Electricalhouseholdappliances;Electricalsafety;Householdequipment;Householduse;Illuminationengineering;Inscription;Insectkillers;Mechanicalsafety;Protectionagainstelectricshocks;Safety;Safetyengineering;Safetyrequirements;Specification(approval);Testingconditions
【摘要】:ThisclauseofPart1isreplacedbythefollowing.ThisInternationalStandarddealswiththesafetyofelectricinsectkillersforhouseholdandsimilarpurposes,theirratedvoltagebeingnotmorethan250V.Appliancesnotintendedfornormalhouseholdusebutthatneverthelessmaybeasourceofdangertothepublic,suchasappliancesintendedtobeusedbylaymeninshops,inlightindustryandonfarms,arewithinthescopeofthisstandard.Asfarasispracticable,thisstandarddealswiththecommonhazardspresentedbyappliancesthatareencounteredbyallpersonsinandaroundthehome.However,ingeneral,itdoesnottakeintoaccount–persons(includingchildren)whose?physical,sensoryormentalcapabilities;or?lackofexperienceandknowledgepreventsthemfromusingtheappliancesafelywithoutsupervisionorinstruction;–childrenplayingwiththeappliance.
【中国标准分类号】:Y69
【国际标准分类号】:97_180;97_030
【页数】:20P.;A4
【正文语种】:英语